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LECTURES 


THE  SITUATION  IN  THE  FAR  EAST 


TWO  THOUSAND  MILES  ON  HORSEBACK  ACROSS 
PERSIA  AND  ASIATIC  TURKEY 


By  TOYOKICHI  IYENAGA,  Ph.D. 


MADISON,  WIS. 

TRACY,  GIBBS  A CO.,  PRINTERS 

1902 


THE  purpose  of  the  lecturer  is  to  present  to  the  American  public  the 
main  features  of  the  Problem  of  Asia,  which  is  daily  pressing  upon 
the  attention  of  Christendom,  and  is  now  the  pivot  of  European 
politics.  The  lecturer  may  be  pardoned  if  he  lays  claim  to  have  enjoyed 
special  advantages  which  make  him  tit  for  the  undertaking  of  the  task 
before  him,  for  he  is  not  only  by  birth  an  Asiatic,  and  a member  of  the 
Japanese  nation,  which  is  certainly  destined  to  play  an  important  role  in 
the  Asiatic  affairs,  but  he  has  live  1 among  the  Chinese  for  some  years, 
and  has  seen  the  countries,  and  come  in  contact  with  different  peoples,  of 
Asia  by  Ids  travels  in  1899-1900.  If  the  lecturer  succeeds  in  making  him 
self  intelligible,  and  at  the  same  time  interesting  to  the  American  audi- 
ence, that  is  the  debt  he  owes  to  this  country,  for  herein  are  his  Alma 
Maters,  and  America,  therefore,  is  his  second  home. 

The  first  subject  of  the  lecturer,  i.  e.,  Situation  in  the  Far  East,  is 
treated  in  two  lectures:  1.  Japan  and  Russia:  2.  China  Problem.  The  sec- 
ond subject  is  also  treated  in  two  lectures:  1.  A Thousand  Miles  on  Horse- 
back Across  Persia,  or  Travel  from  Tokio  to  Teheran;  2.  A Thousand 
Miles  on  Horseback  Across  Asiatic  Turkej",  or  Travel  from  Teheran 
to  Tokio,  via  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  and  India.  The  division  of  the 
Travel  Lecture  into  two,  although  they  form  one  whole,  is  deemed 
necessary,  especially  when  it  is  illustrated,  for  it  is  impossible  to  treat 
the  subject  in  a satisfactory  way  within  an  hour  or  two,  as  it  must 
include,  beside  the  explanation  of  the  pictures  on  the  screen,  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  state  of  politics,  commerce,  religion,  customs  and  manners, 
of  the  peoples  visited.  The  lecturer  lias  brought  about  200  slides,  which 
illustrate  the  places  he  visited  and  the  life  of  Japan,  so  that,  if 
desired,  he  is  ready  to  deliver  illustrated  lectures.  But  the  lecturer  begs 
to  be  clearly  understood  that  nothing  is  more  repugnant  to  his  sense  of 
honor  and  taste  than  to  be  counted  among  those  showmen,  who  go  round 
as  “lecturers,”  by  simply  exhibiting  pictures,  and  catering  to  the  curiosity 
of  the  vulgar,  and  that,  however  far  below  the  mark  he  may  fall,  what 
the  lecturer  aims  to  realize  is  the  lesson  taught  by  that  great  master  of 
art.  Shakespeare,  how  to  instruct  as  well  as  interest  human  beings.  The 
worth  of  these  lectures,  if  there  be  any,  must  then  be  sought  in  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  the  lectures.  The  pictures  count  but  little  to  the  lecturer; 
but  the  undertaking  of  the  travel  itself  has  cost  the  Formosan  govern- 
ment of  Japan  over  10.000  yen,  or  American  $5,000. 

The  above  lectures  are  adapted  to  University,  or  College  audiences, 
to  Literary  Societies  and  Clubs,  as  well  as  to  Chautauqua  Assemblies  and 
what  are  commonly  called  popular  audiences.  The  lecturer  will  have 
the  pleasure,  Professor  G.  E.  Vincent  writes  him,  of  appearing  be- 
fore the  great  Chautauqua  of  New  York,  in  the  coming  summer. 

The  followingcontainsa  brief  statement  of  the  past  work  of  the  lecturer, 
and  of  his  travels,  with  some  comments  of  capable  and  critical  judges  who 


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have  already  heard  his  first  two  lectures.  The  second  has  not  yet  been 
delivered  anywhere  in  this  country,  but  is  to  be  delivered  in  the  near 
future  at  Madison  and  elsewhere. 

1.  Biography  of  the  Lecturer,  and  a Short  Account  of  His  Travel. 

Here  the  lecturer  will  be  permitted  to  quote  what  Madison  papers,  the 
Cardinal  and  Madison  Democrat,  said  on  the  matter  and  about  his  travel. 

“The  lecturer,  Dr.  Iyenaga,  recently  of  the  foreign  office  of  Japan,  was 
born  in  Kiushiu  in  1863.  In  1884  he  came  to  this  country  to  receive  his  edu- 
cation. He  pursued  Iris  collegiate  course  in  Oberlin  college,  Ohio,  and  was 
graduated  from  the  college  with  the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  in  1887.  While  a 
student  at  Oberlin  college,  at  the  Oratorical  contest  of  the  college  in  1886, 
he  carried  off  the  first  honor,  and  represented  the  college  in  the  interstate 
Oratorical  contest  of  Ohio  of  the  same  year.  The  following  three  years 
Mr.  Iyenaga  spent  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  pursuing  the  post 
graduate  course  in  History  and  Political  Economy  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  Ely,  and  the  late  Dr.  H.  B.  Adams,  receiving  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  in 
1890.  His  graduating  thesis  on  the  “The  Constitutional  Development  of 
Japan”  was  published  in  one  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies. 
During  his  stay  in  Baltimore,  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration  by  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University  of  the  Promulgation  of  Japanese  Constitution, 
he  delivered  a speech  before  the  faculty  and  the  university  students,  before 
Baltimore  citizens  and  the  Japanese  Minister  and  his  suite,  who  had  come 
from  Washington  to  attend  the  ceremony  After  his  graduation  from  the 
Johns  Hopkins,  at  Chautauqua,  N.  Y.,  the  headquarters  of  Chautauqua 
assemblies,  and  at  some  other  summer  assemblies.  Dr.  Iyenaga  delivered 
his  lectures  on  “New  Japan”  and  “Buddha  and  Buddhism.”  He  visited 
Madison  on  his  way  home  and  was  one  of  the  speakers  at  the.  Monona 
Lake  Assembly  in  1890. 

“For  some  years  after  his  return  in  1890  he  was  Professor  in  the  Waseda 
University  and  lecturer  in  the  Keiogijuku  University,  both  private  in- 
stitutions in  Tokio,  and  from  1894  to  1897  he  was  Professor  in  the  Higher 
Commercial  College  of  the  Japanese  Government.  In  the  latter  year,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  -served  the  Govern- 
ment as  one  of  the  secretaries  in  the  Bureau  of  Translation.  In  1899 
he  was  sent  as  the  Commissioner  of  the  Japanese  Government  of  Formosa 
to  Persia,  Turkey,  India,  China,  and  other  Asiatic  sea  boards,  to  investi- 
gate matters  of  interest  to  the  Formosan  Government. 

“Starting  from  Taii>eh  on  May  15,  1899,  and  touching  at  Hongkong, 
Singapore,  and  Colombo,  he  reached  Bombay.  Then  he  crossed  the  Ara' 
bian  Sea  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  and,  landing  at  Bushire,  he  traversed  the 
Persian  Empire  from  the  southern  port  to  Resht  near  the  Caspian  Sea  for 
about  a thousand  miles  on  horseback.  During  his  visit  to  Teheran,  he  was 
honored  with  an  audience  with  the  Shah.  Crossing  the  Caspian  to  Baku, 


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lie  traversed  the  Russian  Trans-Caucasus  to  Batoum,  thence  sailing  on  the 
Black  Sea  lie  went  to  Constantinople.  From  the  capital  of  the  Sultan, 
through  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  Strait  of  Dardanelles,  he  landed  at 
Smyrna  on  the  Aegean.  Spending  some  time  in  Konia,  in  the  center  of 
Asia  Minor,  he  mounted  again,  and  made  another  thousand  miles  horse- 
hack  ride  through  the  plateau  of  Western  Anatolia,  the  valleys  of  the 
Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  the  mountains  of  Northern  Syria,  touching  at 
Kaisarieh,  Sivas,  Malatia,  Diarbekr  and  Aleppo.  Embarking  from  Alex- 
audretta.  and  viewing  the  beautiful  coast  of  the  Holy  Land  and  calling  at 
such  historic  places  as  Mersina,  Sidon,  Tyre,  Jaffa,  lie  reached  Port  Said. 
Thence  he  made  a short  visit  to  Cairo,  and  ascended  the  great  pyramid  of 
ofGhizeh,  and  entered  its  mysterious  chambers.  From  Port  Said,  through 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean,  he  came  back  to  Bombay,  whence  lie 
began  his  Indian  travel.  Visiting  the  matchless  architectural  remains  of 
the  Moguls  in  Agra  and  sacred  temples  of  Benares,  he  reached  Calcutta. 
From  the  capital  of  India,  crossing  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  he  visited  Rangoon 
in  Burma h and  on  his  way  home,  calling  at  Swatow  and  Amoy  on  the 
southeast  coast  of  China,  arrived  at  Taipeli  on  March  1,  1900. 

“The  period  spent  in  traveling  was  289  days;  the  distance  traversed  was 
22,305  miles;  the  countries  visited  were  Persia,  Asiatic  Turkey,  Egypt, 
India  and  a part  of  Burmali  and  of  China.  During  his  travels  he  scaled 
the  noted  Khotals  of  Southern  Persia,  and  crossed  the  Euphrates.  Tigris, 
Nile,  Canges  and  Irawaady.  The  hardships  and  perils  he  experienced 
were  many ; once  he  was  seized  by  a Turkish  brigand ; at  another  time 
pursued  by  a band  of  Arab  marauders;  in  the  Elburz  mountains  he  was 
caught  in  a trap  of  robbers ; at  Malatia  he  fell  a victim  to  malaria;  at 
Diarbekr  he  lay  on  a lonely  bed  of  sickness.  During  all  these  trials  lie 
studied  man,  the  different  peoples  of  Asia,  their  political  institutions, 
their  religions,  their  customs  and  manners,  their  commerce  and  trade, 
their  future.” 

II.  Comments  on  the  Lectures,  Already  Delivered,  by  Professor  Turner, 
Professor  Reinsch,  and  Professor  Haskins,  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin. 

Professor  Frederick  J.  Turner  in  a letter  addressed  to  Professor  J.  H. 
Woodburn.  of  Indiana  University,  which  is  herein  printed  by  permission, 
said: 

"My  Dear  Woodburn: 

“Iyenaga  has  just  given  us  two  lectures  on  the  Situation  in  the  Far 
East,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Department  of  Political  Science,  which 
has  a special  lecture  fuud  at  its  disposal.  Thesfe  lectures  have  been  at- 
tended by  large  and  interested  audiences,  and  there  is  but  one  judgment 
in  the  matter — they  have  been  decidedly  successful.  Iyenaga  has  lost 
none  of  the  oratorical  gifts  with  which  you  are  familiar,  and  he  has 


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✓ 


gained  much  in  maturity  and  careful  observation.  The  presentation 
which  he  gives  of  the  situation  in  China  is  particularly  valuable,  coming 
as  it  does  from  a Japanese,  trained  to  use  his  eyes,  and  understand  the 
things  in  which  Americans  would  be  particularly  interested.  While 
here  he  has  gone  carefully  over  the  recent  European  literature  on  condi- 
tions in  the  Orient,  so  that  to  his  own  observation  and  interest  he  has  added 
this  fund  of  European  information. 

“While  the  lectures  are  thoroughly  substantial,  they  are  at  the  same 
time  sufficiently  touched  up  by  Iyenaga’s  sense  of  humor  and  love  of 
the  picturesque  to  make  them  go  even  with  a more  popular  audience.  We 
hope  to  have  one  or  two  more  lectures  from  him  before  he  leaves  us  You 
will  make  no  mistake  if  you  make  a place  for  him  on  your  program. 

Cordially  yours, 

Frederick  J.  Turner.” 

“ Madison , Jan.  30,  1902.” 


Professor  P.  S.  Reinsch,  makes  the  following  comments: 

“Dr.  T.  Iyenaga  has  just  given  two  lectures  on  Oriental  Politics  before 
the  students  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Department  of  Political  Science.  The  opportunities  for  direct  observa- 
tion which  Dr.  Iyenaga  has  enjoyed  had  excited  high  expectations  which 
were  more  than  realized  by  his  clear  presentation  of  Oriental  affairs. 
What  made  the  lectures  especially  interesting  to  the  audience  was  the 
fact  that  the  lecturer  drew  very  largely  on  his  own  original  knowledge  of 
the  situation.  Extended  travel  in  the  Orient,  as  well  as  his  connection 
with  the  Japanese  administration,  have  certainly  offered  him  unusual  op- 
portunities of  judging  Oriental  affairs;  his  Western  education  has  given 
him  the  necessary  detachment  to  view  their  outlines  clearly  and  to  mark 
their  cardinal  features;  his  truly  artistic  temperament  enables  him  to 
avoid  arid  generalities  and  to  present  Oriental  life  in  all  the  concreteness 
and  vividness  of  actual  experience;  while  his  rare  command  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  and  his  vein  of  humor  and  satire  make  his  lectures  com- 
pletely enjoyable.  Altogether  the  writer  may  say  that  he  has  never 
heard  an  Oriental  scholar  and  speaker  who  could  so  clearly  and  pleas- 
antly interpret  the  rich  and  fascinating  life  of  the  Orient  to  a Western 
audience.” 


Professor  C.  II.  Haskins,  Professor  Elect  of  Harvard  University,  says: 

“Dr.  T Iyenaga  has  just  completed  two  most  successful  lectures  before 
our  students  of  llie  University  of  Wisconsin  upon  the  political  situation  in 
in  the  Far  East.  Dr.  h'enaga  is  entirely  familiar  with  his  subject,  and 
presents  it  in  an  interesting  and  effective  manner.  Having  known  him 
for  the  past  fifteen  years,  1 can  commend  him  cordially  to  those  who  may 
wish  to  arrange  for  lectures  in  his  field.’’ 


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III.  Professor  R.  T.  Ely’s  Recommendatory  Letter  and  Professor 
G.  E.  Vincent’s  Words  of  Permission. 

Professor  R.  T.  Ely  says: 

"To  Whom  it  May  Concern: 

‘•It  gives  me  pleasure  to  commend  Dr.  Iyenaga  as  a lecturer  on  Oriental 
Topics.  He  has  recently  given  lectures  in  Madison,  which  it  was  not  my 
privilege  to  hear.  The  reports  of  these  lectures,  however,  which  have 
reached  me,  convince  me  that  he  achieved  very  marked  success. 

"Dr.  Iyenaga  belonged  to  my  class  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  and 
made  a favorable  impression  upon  me.  I remember  in  particular  an  ora- 
tion which  he  delivered,  which  produced  a marked  impression.  Every  one 
was  pleased,  and  it  was  the  general  opinion  that  he  had  oratorical  gifts. 
I have  also  heard  very  favorable  reports  of  addresses  which  he  delivered 
ten  years,  or  more,  ago  before  Chautauqua  assemblies.  Since  that  time 
he  has  had  unusual  opportunities  for  travel  and  observation  in  the  Orient, 
and  I am  sure  that  he  is  now  even  a better  lecturer  than  he  was  when  I 
heard  him.  Richard  T.  Ely.  ” 

“February  4,  1902.” 

Professor  G.  E.  Vincent  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  gives  the  lecturer 
permission  to  say  that  those  who  are  desirous  to  know  more  about  him 
may  refer  to  the  Professor,  who  is  at  the  same  time  the  Principal  of  In- 
struction at  Chautauqua  Assembly,  N.  Y. 

In  case  of  illustrated  lectures,  the  lantern,  and  the  man  who  handles  it 
well,  will  have  to  be  provided  by  the  places  which  engage  the  lecturer. 
And  he  would  prefer  to  show  the  pictures  after  the  lectures,  for  they  are 
likely  to  detract  the  attention  of  theaudience  from  the  subject  matterof  the 
lectures.  The  synopsis  of  the  lectures  can  also  be  forwarded  if  desired. 
The  present  address  of  the  lecturer  is  226  West  Gilman  street,  Madison, 
Wisconsin . 

The  lecturer  adds  with  pleasure  that  he  has  received  an  invitation  to 
deliver  some  of  his  lectures  before  the  University  of  Indiana. 


Travel  in  Persia,  Turkey  in  Asia,  India  and  Egypt. 


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